Author: kbillyboy

Hist 3510

Tracy Penny Light

November 5th, 2017

Reading Analysis Week 9

It seems as if the world war 2 was hard for everyone but more in particular families in Canada. But with this problem in the families it created a big problem in the schooling system. As it has been shown in the articles “Cadets, Curfews, and Compulsory Schooling: Mobilizing Anglophone Children in WWII Montreal” , “The Education of Japanese Children in the British Columbia Interior Housing Settlements during World War Two” and “Disciplining Children Parents: The Nature and Meaning of Advice to Canadian Parents, 1945-1955”.

As it was shown in all three article the problem started with the families. With the war taking away male figures in the families made children act out, but with this there was also no other parental figures around enough to discipline the children for their bad behaviours. As stated in the article “Cadets, Curfews, and Compulsory Schooling” it showed that so many children decided to act out in horrible ways which eventually resulted in bringing in the law to stop them. As they created a curfew to control the children, this helped mothers who had to work to support the family control their children a little more. But eventually the Education system also became a way of keeping children out of trouble as it was almost a babysitting system.  

But with sending more students to school this became a problem for the teachers, as it was hard to find people to be able to teach everyone. It was even more difficult when more people had to come to Canada like the Japanese and many other immigrants. It was mentioned in “The Education of Japanese Children…” article that those who came over to Canada wanted an education as well. Unfortunately for them with being a different race this affected their education as there wasn’t the people or facilities to teach them. They got their education but it wasn’t the best as schools were poorly funded buildings, and those teaching them were young and unprepared. The teachers were students who only finished school to a certain grade and were put in the classroom to teach with no training. This wasn’t the worst but also wasn’t the best.  Eventually more funding became available and there was more training put in but the priority was white Canadian Children. This was because the curriculum was British based and focused mainly on the British and Canadian education. The children although were baby sat at school still choose to act out.

This problem continued on until after the war as it was stated “Discipling Children, Discipling Parents”. Although this problem wasn’t just within the children but it was in their parents as well. It was shown that the children acted this way because of the parenting that was being done. The parents weren’t disciplining their children so the kids felt they could act out in any way. But they learned that the needed to “discipline” the parents in order to get the message across that this was not acceptable for anyone. It was the the war was over and things had to go back to normal, families needed to act in the manner that they did before the war.

But this just goes to show that schooling and education is always important, as even in a crisis school is what put structure into some people’s lives especially the children. Even teaching the basics continuously can make it so people realize that life can be normal in a time of a crisis creating the comfort for those who are uncertain about what is going to happen.

Bibliography

Myers, Tamara and Mary Anne Poutanen. “Cadets, Curfews, and Compulsory Schooling: Mobilizing Anglophone Children in WWII Montreal.” Histoire Sociale 38, no.76 (2005): 367-398.

Roy, Patricia E. “The Education of Japanese Children in the British Columbia Interior Housing Settlements during World War Two,” Historical Studies in Education, 4, 2 (1992): 211-231.

Gleason, Mona. “Disciplining Children, Disciplining Parents: The Nature and Meaning of Advice to Canadian Parents, 1945-1955,” in Sara Burke and Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in Transition: Readings in the Canadian History of Education, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012: 357-375.

 

Hist2480

Tracy Penny Light

Oct 23, 2017

Reading Analysis Week 8

When growing up we are always taught about girls, their feeling, when they are bullied, how media affects them and so on. At least this is what I experienced in all of my classes, maybe it was because I was a girl and this was all I notice because it pertained to me. But it’s interesting to look at the boy’s perspective of all of those especially the male image in media. When watching movies, it seems as everyone notices how the female image is portrayed and what this does for women watching. But the focus this week was the male image.

In the articles “Masculinity as Spectacle,” and “Malefunction,” the main point is about the male image on screen. Now these were both a bit hard to understand and really grasp as many of the movies referenced I have never seen before and the authors seemed to almost expect you to know the movie. But what I got from it was that there are many ways people look at the male image, this could be how they relate to them or how they want to become more like them. In a way it seems as it’s the same for men as it is for women, we all know this image is not realistic but we still strive to be it. Also when it is brought up as a problem that they portray men like this and something is done to change it, this can make the movie unsuccessful because this isn’t what people want to see. Unfortunately, men are portrayed as manly and this is what people will see the male character as.

Although both articles were the same, the third article seemed to view this image in a different way. This is one that comes off the screen and people strive to be on Halloween, although it seems as if this image is dressed more sexually. Halloween costumes have been more of a problem as they are saying that these sexual images are ok to dress as and it is targeting younger children. But are these images still not from the screen? Most costumes come from characters so doesn’t this mean that this image of more sexual characters is coming from the screen making people still strive to be this sexy or manly person. This is what was focused on in the article, showing that this is a major issue that needs to be stopped. When will this problem be noticed by all as a problem, and when will there be an end to people striving to be an image that isn’t realistic for men or women, or anyone.

 

Bibliography

Neale, S., “Masculinity as Spectacle,” Screen, 24, 6 (1983) : 2-16.

Green, I., “Malefunction,” Screen, 25, 4-6 (1984): 36-48.

Katz, J., “Porn Chic, Gender Performance and Halloween Fashion,” The Blog, January 23,    2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jackson-katz/porn-chic-gender-performance-and halloween- fashion_b_4159679.html

 

Hist 3510

Tracy Penny Light

Oct 21,2017

Reading Analysis #6

        Today everyone fights for equality, it’s not fair that just because someone is of different colour that they should be treated differently. So what is it that needs to change why is there still inequality everywhere? It could possibly be because still today in the education system there is still inequality and when viewing it at a young age it teaches children that discrimination is what is normal, which makes this cycle of a problem. This week’s article really gave me a different perspective on the inequality from the past in regards to the residential schooling system. With being from a First Nations background all that you hear are the negative stories that came from my family attended residential schools, but I learnt that there is a little more to it.

The article that was most interesting was “‘A New Understanding of Things Indian’: George Raley’s Negotiation of the Residential School Experience.” By Paige Raibmon. This was most intriguing because it showed that not all experiences were horrible at residential schools, and in this case it was thanks to Raley the principal. It was interesting to find out that there wasn’t all bad people who were in charge at school and that there were some people that fought to make residential school a more pleasant experience even if it may have costed more. Thanks to him those who went to his school felt safe and at home and even gained education making them continue on further, making their studies useful.

Helen Raptis’ article almost seemed like an excuse as to why residential schools had such negative impacts on those who attended. It was a run-down of how these schools were highly underfunded. Now I feel if there had been that much thought into how the money was spent each year why couldn’t they have made it more affordable. I feel that really it’s just money that’s all it ever is and in the end if you spend it, it will all work out that’s just how life is. This article was a lot to take in just because it had so many facts in it. But I also felt this article was almost boring because it just seemed like an excuse for why the government has treated First Nations so poorly.

In addition to what Raptis said I felt Barman’s article “Schooled for Inequality: The Education of British Columbia Aboriginal Children.” I felt like this was another way of explaining excuses for this tragic event that happened. Although this one laid out every reason it was bad with examples like why the class room time was seen as work, why teachers did what they did to their students and how most of this was a result from the underfunding. But I don’t feel that this is an excuse for this punishment that these people had to go through.

With all of these things being studied does it not show that with the right people and some more money and time and effort put into these schools, that these schools could have been a good thing. Yet time and time again people come up with excuses for why there was this inequality and why it was ok for this to happen. I feel that with this awareness that this abuse has happened to people that everyone needs to spread it and make it so people learn that this is completely wrong. People in education systems need to learn from this and stop treating others different, even though it is little compared to this it can still hurt. Lessons can be learned from this by educating yourself on how to created equality for everyone and hopefully this will end eventually.

Bibliography  

Barman, Jean. “Schooled for Inequality: The Education of British Columbia Aboriginal Children.” in Sara Burke and Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in Transition: Readings in the Canadian History of Education, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012: 255-276.

Raptis, Helen. “Implementing Integrated Education Policy for On-Reserve Aboriginal Children in British Columbia, 1951-1981.” Historical Studies in Education 20, no.1 (Spring 2008): 118-146.

Raibmon, Paige. “‘A New Understanding of Things Indian’: George Raley’s Negotiation of the Residential School Experience.” BC Studies 110 (1996): 69-96.

 

Hist2480

Tracy Penny Light

Oct 16, 2017

Week 7 Reading Analysis

         It’s common to watch something on TV, a movie, read something or listen to the radio and get influenced by it. It may make you think differently and even feel differently, influence what you want to do, etc. This is because it was what the viewers are thought is normal, they see it time after time, so if it repeats itself it must be true, right? Wrong people need to stop falling into this trap and realize what these images are making them do. That is why the reading for this week are written to make more people aware of what is happening in media.

The article that really hit close to home were the one that mainly focused on this problem in regards to Disney. I found this one most important because I grew up watching all the Disney movies and feel that they all probably have a big impact on my life. although I thought this impact was harmless until recently. I have a little sister who loves the Disney movies and I have now noticed different messages that I never notice when I was young. This article answered and confirmed a lot of the thoughts I’ve had about them. It was almost alarming to find out that yes Disney movies been quite controversial with the images that are given off. It was stated that most of those Disney princess that every little girl wants to be is created as a way to teach children at a young age that beauty is everything. As these princesses get all that they want and a happily ever after. Where if you’re seen as the ugly one, who’s not as pretty as the princess you will turn bad and have a sad horrible life. it’s completely wrong that people still let their children watch these fairytales are slowly becoming reality because it is what we are taught is normal. Although not one of these beautiful princess is real, they are all drawn perfect to make people wish they could look unrealistic.

The other article that was relatable was the one on the movie series Twilight, because I have watch it but never realized what the actual hidden meaning was. It was stated that this movie, much like the Disney movies is horrible because of the images given. There are many things that hint at horrible messages that they want people to believe, and if it wasn’t for those who over analyze things viewers would go on without realizing that this is what impacts the way they think. Whether it be the way you think about gender, or sexuality or even race. They are all created with negative impacts in them like how Twilight can be seen as a racist movie, or how it has hints to make people think the woman in the movie, much like in other movies, is seen as week and can’t do anything for herself. This is all wrong yet a lot of the viewers tend to look past all of this like it is ok, it’s just a movie right? Wrong something needs to change.

Although some may argue that there has been a slight change in movies. It was noted that Disney has tried to change. For instance, there are different raced princesses now and some princesses aren’t just a girl in a tower. They do have princess that are made to be seen as someone who is more manly or even more powerful that some princesses. But in these movies like Brave and Frozen these characters that are supposed to be empowering for women can be, but they are also not your everyday princess look. So could this not mean you can only act different if you look different? I still feel that something is not right in all Disney movies, as well as any movies targeted at young people who watch these movies.  They may have changed but only because the time has changed, why can a movie be made with no conflict? Is there a change in the conflicts just because there is a feminism? Why does feminism need to continue to change, why can’t it just be one thing and not broken into many problems. I feel if all feminist of all types realized they all have a similarity and their differences really aren’t that bad wouldn’t this make it so there is more people on the same side? Why do people not feel this way, or do I just not understand it?

 Biography

Fetters, A., “At It’s Core, the Twilight Saga is a Story About,” The Atlantic, November 15, 2012            https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/11/at-its-core-the-twilight-saga    is-a-story- about/265328/

Gill, R., “Postfeminist Media Culture: Elements of a Sensibility,” European Journal of Cultural         Studies: 10, 2 (2007): 147-166.

Stover, C., “Damsels and Heroines: The Conundrum of the Post-Feminist Disney Princess,”        LUX: A Journal of Transdisciplinary Writing and Research from Claremont Graduate  University, 2, 1 (2013): 1- 10.

 

Sept 17, 2017

History 3510

Tracy Penny Light

 

Week One Analysis

            As most know so much is constantly changing and society has moved so far forward, this is almost impossible not to notice with the way history is taught now. It’s amazing how many articles there are out there that can just prove the difference in time. But what is most amazing is the way specific things have changed like schools for instance. The three reading “Egerton Ryerson and the School as an Agent of Political Socialization,” “Reform, Literacy, and the Lease: The Prince Edward Island Free Education Act of 1852,” and “Hidden Workers: Child Labour and the Family Economy in Late Nineteenth         Century Urban Ontario.” All describe how different school was when it first started in Canada.

It was noted that it was only because of one man that school was brought to attention as a main priority that he felt was necessary in Canada. This man was Egerton, he felt school/ education was necessary in a place in order for there to be organized government system. He also realized that adapting the education system from places in Europe made it easy to bring it over to Canada. This was also noted that it was a way of persuading people into thinking a certain way about politics. As education was a way of teaching about the politics and government that had been going on in their lives/ communities. But politics was all they felt was important which is an example of how it is different from now. With is being a way of getting people to think the way government wanted them to it made it easier to make school a free thing for everyone.

Now school wasn’t always free, for a while only the rich were allowed to go to school to be able to pay the teacher her salary. But once they found out at education was a way of teaching government issued topics made it so they wanted everyone to go to school. But it only slowly started to become free in some places. The maritime provinces are where it first became free. They made is possible by putting in a tax that everyone had to pay in order to go to school. But the free school wasn’t the best deal for some. Some people were losing money over it when settling in.

With this being a problem it made it so not everyone went to school and many children still had to work as it helped out the family in the poor times. Children didn’t have the same lives as kids to do as many of them started working at a very young age in order to make a living. But when school made it so it gave special training for kids who wanted to work in the future it made it more popular and students doubled in numbers.

So the main point of this is how school became important in young people’s lives and how it got to that. But the only question that came to mind when reading all this is, if money was so tight and kids had to work in order to help the family survive how did families survive when children were all able to go to school and they weren’t allowed to work anymore. This was never really answered but I’m sure they made small changes. As now it is a norm for children to go to school in order to get a job later in life. this all though showed me how and why education was brought to Canada and how education became free for everyone, as it does teach young one the necessaries of life.

Bibliography

 McDonald, Neil, “Egerton Ryerson and the School as an Agent of Political Socialization,” in Sara   Burke and Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in Transition: Readings in the Canadian History of Education, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012: 39-56.

Robertson, Ian Ross. “Reform, Literacy, and the Lease: The Prince Edward Island Free   Education Act of 1852.” in Sara Burke and Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in  Transition: Readings in the Canadian History of Education, Toronto: University of  Toronto Press, 2012: 56-71

Bullen, John, “Hidden Workers: Child Labour and the Family Economy in Late Nineteenth Century Urban Ontario.” Labour/Le Travail 18 (Fall 1986): 163-87.

 

Hist3510

Tracy Penny Light

Oct 8^th,2017

 

Reading Analysis 5 

With being a resident of British Columbia and being of First Nations descent is seems as if I only get taught about the education of BC. This mainly focuses on what happens in history with the first nations. But there are more sides to the way the people were treated in their education upbringing. Which I learned a lot about with this week’s reading. This was how other minorities felt about trying to get an education.

There were two articles on the way Black people were treated when trying to get an education. Hearing the stories was quite upsetting. Finding out that they had to fight in order to get an education. And when they got an education they were treated horribly which made them not even want to have an education. Also how they were too abused and called names from not only the teachers but the students too. I know is this were the case for me going to school I would have not wanted to attend either. But thankfully there were people out there that stood up and said something so those children could get an education. It may have taken a lot but it was those who finished school and went further that proved to the other people of their race that if they could get through then they could too even if it was painful in the end. But the way the blacks were called out, hurt, treated differently and had everything bad happen to them so they didn’t want to go to school was wrong. Thankfully someone stood up for their rights and made it so black children didn’t have to go to a separate school just to get an education. And those who nagged and nagged were the reason something was done.

But there was not only the Blacks that were treated horrible in the education system but the Chinese were too. They were almost treated the same way, put in horrible situations that made getting an education difficult. They also had to stand up and fight for them to be able to learn things as well. It was those who said something and put on strikes that made a differences.

Without those people fighting, people of colour today would not be able to have an education. This was because the white people didn’t want them too. It may have seemed hard for them but in the end it was definitely worth it. What really surprised me was it’s not only the First Nations who are discriminated from getting an education but the blacks and the Chinese seem to have had similar problems with trying to be educated. I am sure that any other minorities go through the same problem with anything as white people feel they should not always have the same rights. Why is this, are they afraid of them, are they threatened by them? Who knows? Thankfully things have changed a little but there is still racism out there. Will this race divide ever go away? Why can’t all people just get along no matter what gender, race or class they are? I’m sure no one really knows but it sure would be nice to know as then it could possibly be fixed. Although I do feel that school today has changed with the race divide but I do believe and know for a fact that minorities can feel singled out and discriminated in school as I felt this way when I went to public school.

 

Bibliography

Knight, Claudette. “Black Parents Speak: Education in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Canada West.” in Sara Burke and Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in Transition: Readings in the Canadian History of Education, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012: 225-237.

Stanley, Timothy J. “White Supremacy, Chinese Schooling, and School Segregation in Victoria: The Case of the Chinese Students’ Strike, 1922-1923.” in Sara Burke and Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in Transition: Readings in the Canadian History of Education, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012: 237-252.

Moreau, Bernice. “Black Nova Scotian Women’s Experience of Educational Violence in the Early 1900s: A Case of Colour Contusion.” Dalhousie Review 77, no.2 (1997): 179-206.

 

 

Hist 2480

Oct 2^nd 2017

Reading Analysis- week 5

There are many things wrong about the way media and film devalues women and men in this career and really needs to be changed. But one that is a main focus that is seen as a big problem is the way female women of black decent are portrayed as in these films. These articles “The Oppositional Gaze”, “moving Beyond Pain” and “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionally, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women of Colour” how people feel about this problem.

In the “Opposition of Gaze” it really focuses on how black women feel about the image that is put out there of them. It is said that there is not that many movies with black people in them and if they are in them it is usually offensive to the black, as it may be very obvious that everyone notices or if you look into to it and know your facts it very offensive but those turn a blind eye to it. Really it has turned many black people away from media and film because they just don’t want to support this disrespect that is set out there for the world to see as ok.

The article “Mapping the Margins” goes to show that with allowing the things that was said in the first article it allows for terrible things to happen. For instance, it shows that it is ok to see women of colour as less and it shows them as a weakness. With this it leads to violence towards them. There have been many studies that have proven that these lead to horrible violence that puts people of different colour in danger of their safety and even their lives. Which is horribly wrong that our society can have such a strong impact on this action that happens in such a negative way.

But in the article “Moving Beyond Pain” it lets us know that there is going to be a change in this as this is so wrong that society feels this is ok. Thankfully for female black artist like Beyoncé and others they are bringing awareness to everyone that this is a problem. Beyoncé has taken it to another level in raising awareness about how the image of black people in media can have serious impacts on the black culture, she has done this my including it in her music. Hopefully with people like her things will change for the better. The only thing that comes to mind when reading this is does she not set that stereotyped image with showing and acting exactly like the white producers feel like she should look like to get more fans. Will she take a step further and say no to this image and help this problem change that much more?

The other thing that is though when putting the theme of all these article together is how they mainly focus on the black people and what is happening to them. Does media and film not have the same impacts on all women of colour? Why are black people of major concern and not all races there of major concern too? When will they focus on all the problems of the race divide. Does doing a study on just the black people problems still not single them out, thus feeding to that race divide that they are trying to stop. Does acknowledging this divide help or increase the problem? When will this problem end?

 

Bibliography

Crenshaw, K., “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against        Women of Colour,” Stanford Law Review, 43 (July 1991): 1241-1299

hooks, b., “The Oppositional Gaze,” in Black Looks: Race and Representation

hooks, b., “Moving Beyond Pain,” http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com/blog/2016/5/9/moving beyond-pain

 

September 11, 2017

History 2480

Reading Analysis #1

 

There are many problems in this world some big and some small. But they all have their reasons. Some people may not even notice them until they are outlined for them in a text or speech of some sort. But if they are written to further educate people on them then it has clearly become a problem that more people need to know about. With the articles that have been analyzed the problem that comes up is people speaking on behalf of others.

In the article “The Problem of Speaking for Others” really out lines why it is a problem. It gives examples of how people have spoken for others and what about it was wrong. But really the main point of it all is how those who feel they can speak for others over step their boundaries. This causes many problems as it can make the speakers look like they know everything about one situation even though they never really experience what they are talking about. With this article it shows what mistakes have been made with speaking for others and how to avoid them. This article seems a bit repetitive as it often repeats what the errors are and how to fix them. But it was made easy to follow by how it was split into sections that had specific viewpoints that really outlined the main focus. One may say this article was good based on the fact that it showed how speaking for others can be a problem and the many different aspects speakers should take into consideration in order to avoid that.

The second article was like the first in ways that it shows that movies are a way of speaking for others. But it took a really different approach to it and made it more about how movies are made. When reading this it really makes one think about how movies are made and how much time and thought are put into them. when watching a simple movie people don’t often think about the little everyday things that they do as a human. It also showed how all those little decisions have hidden messages behind them and that movies don’t just have one message they have lots. But most people don’t always realize them because they just watch a movie for fun they don’t want to overthink their fun activities. The article outlined many things about movies that not everyone pays attention to which made it an interesting read. This article was an easier to read because it was more relatable and it was shorter and more to the point.

Both articles were good in the sense that it taught me something new, these were both topics with similar themes that didn’t always occur to me. The one was a bit long but I still was able to get something out of it. From now on I will consider what I am saying when I speak out and that it is only based on my experiences and for myself. I will also make sure to look for more meaning in media because it will show something but it may not always be true as those publishing it may not have the right to be sharing that information as it may be a way of speaking for others.

 

Bibliography

 

Alcoff, Linda. “The Problem of Speaking for Others.” Cultural Critique, no. 20 (1991), 5. doi:10.2307/1354221.

 

Smith, Greg M. “”It’s Just a Movie”: A Teaching Essay for Introductory Media Classes.” Cinema Journal 41, no. 1 (2001), 127-134. doi:10.1353/cj.2001.0025.

 

 

History 3510
Tracy Penny Light

Sept 24,2017

Kaylee Billyboy

T00558089

Week 3 Analysis

 

Throughout time attending school on a regular basis has just become a normal thing to do as it is required for all children to do so. Why is this? It has been looked at in detail in by authors. In articles like “Motherhood and Public Schooling in Victorian Toronto,” “Who Went to School?” and “The Boys in the Nova Scotian Coal Mines: 1873-1923,” it shows the many reasons why things have changed with education and how it became important for children to attend class.

For instance, in McIntosh’s article “The Boys in the Nova Scotian Coal Mines: 1873-1923,” he explains how long ago children didn’t go to school. In fact, children actually went to work instead, this was because they were helpful in places like coal mines. Their size and flexibility was what was admired about them and they could also be paid less to work. children accepted this so they could help out with their family. Today this seem very wrong as children should not be put in dangerous places like a mine and shouldn’t be working their life away at such a young age. But then they didn’t know any different. But as time went on work began to almost take advantage of the children and they started to act out to hopefully get what they wanted. This didn’t always work. Some of them were thankful when the Free School Act came into place as this allowed them to get away from the working. Some families were dependent on their child’s income so many continued to work, as they felt school wasn’t of any use to them. This affected many companies as they lost many low wage workers and had to hire higher wage people. When schools first became big it had many positives and negatives depending on who you were.

With school not being a priority it made it so school attendance was very irregular and those associated with education want to enforce attendance. In Clubine’s article it shows how the attendance enforcement affected the families. For instance, children were simply not going because they had to help at home or they had to work. when children got caught not at school they go in trouble and the parents did too. Many simply said it was because they family wouldn’t be able to survive with them gone. With going to school it was to maintain social status, so many families tried to make changes in order to send their kids as it made them looks like good parents. With this it made it so more children attended school.

Over the years’ regular attendance numbers have changed drastically. There are many reasons to this as many recorded in history were mentioned in Katz’s article “Who Went to School”. Whether it be class, gender, race or religion everyone had their own reasoning. But they soon had to put those reasons behind them and make attending school a priority. Once this was done almost everyone attended school and shortly every child attended school regularly like it is done today.

With what was said I do understand why school wasn’t a priority then, but I also do see that it is a priory now. I do feel that children should have to attend school as a law, because without education now many people can’t do much and it is good training for the children at young ages. All of these article made good arguments about why school systems have changed and it goes to show that that change is very important. The only thing that I question is why isn’t there more documentation about those who attended school at first and why those others didn’t. Also it doesn’t say if first nations attended any of those schools and why it wasn’t a problem they weren’t going to school until residential schools? These are not answered but should be as the articles seem to lack a bit of precise information that is critical to my thinking. I feel like there could be more in-depth studies on this of a better understanding.

Bibliography

Clubine, Christopher, “Motherhood and Public Schooling in Victorian Toronto,” in Sara Burke      and Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in Transition: Readings in the Canadian History           of Education, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012: 115-126.

Katz, Michael B. “Who Went to School?”.” History of Education Quarterly 12, no. 3 (1972),         432. doi:10.2307/367521.

McIntosh, Robert. “The Boys in the Nova Scotian Coal Mines: 1873-1923,” in Sara Burke and      Patrice Milewski (Eds.), Schooling in Transition: Readings in the Canadian History of  Education, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012: 126-139.